Photo project cm

Carlos Martinez P.5 Yav

Refraction : contrived photo

This image displays what is commonly known as the "broken pencil" effect. The object inside the water seems to display a contradictory image to that which is expected. What makes the object's image distorted is known as something called refraction. Our sight depends on being able to accurately observe line of sight, however when light passes the the second medium (in this case being water), light path bends. Refraction only occurred at the boundaries, meaning that if viewing the object whilst inside the water, refraction is not noticeable. Depending on where  the  object in the water is placed, the distorted image has varying degrees of refraction. 

Coin stack: contrived photo

In this image, there is a stack of coins that create a bridge-like formation and manage to hold themselves up in the middle despite there being seemingly no support. This was created by carefully placing a series of coins in a pattern formation where each coin is counteracted with mass and weight to not fall due to gravity. The strength of the coins lies primarily in the pillars, which holds the majority of the weight and creates a stable position for placing coins. Note that no glue is in use to make this happen. The pattern provides a counteracting force that successfully overcomes gravity and thus the middle section of the stack is held up strong. As long as the mass is displayed equally throughout the length of the structure, the pattern of coins will hold. 

  

Balancing out the Forces : contrived 

Every part of this structure is necessary for the set up to work. For example, the bottle that supports  the bottom toothpick contains an ample amount of liquid to set a strong basis and foundation. The bottle holds up the rest of the structure, including the forks. Gravity is overcome by the mass that makes up both the water and the bottle that holds that water. The toothpick holding up the forks do not have more mass than the rest of the structure and so gravity cannot do bring it down. Once again I will stress that no glue nor tape nor adhesive of any kind was used. The balancing of forces is what makes the structure hold itself up. 

 

String tension : contrived

The picture shown above displays greatly the difference of string tension when force is present and when it's absent. Though gravity does have an effect on both, there is much stronger tension on the string that is holding up the object in the middle. This is because the added mass also adds a larger force of gravity to that string, stretching it out. Unlike the strong above it, the bottom string is not held down by another object, thus hardly any tension is displayed upon it. The lack of tension can be observed by the way the string is coiled up in a spring-like fashion. 

Oil and water : contrived 

The picture demonstrates the separation that naturally exists between the substances of water (H20) and oil (H3C). What actually is happening is that the different masses that each substance holds give different densities which don't allow the two to mix. This effect is present no matter the different amounts each liquid may be in a container. The different densities will not mix with water even if it's just a single drop. Oil usually ends up on top, no matter in what order it is placed. This is because oil holds the natural tendency and thus goes on top. Water is also polar, whilst oil is non-polar. This does not allow the two to mix.

Rocket to Jupiter by Yav Enterprises

I.  The materials used in the construction of the rocket are:

      a) two bottles of soda (one two liter bottle and a smaller soda water bottle)

      b) glue

      c) clear duct tape

      d) cardboard (fins)

      e) a roll of toilet paper

       f) two small foam balls

      g) string and plastic (for the parachute) 

      e) imagination (includes anything used for artistic purposes already in the household)

The total cost of the said materials nears a staggering $6.50. However, it is a well funded project to send the first eggonaut to Jupiter. 

    Above: the first images of the construction of rocket USS Yav

II. The procedures for constructing the rocket have much to do with mistakes. At first, our second module was to be an identical bottle to that of the fuel body. After trail and error, we belive to have found a new successful combination to the rocket design. 

The most important part remains the fuel cell which would be the component responsible for launching the rocket as high as it could into space. It may be decorated but be warned not to seriously damage or alter the fuel cell as this may have dire consequences. After decorating the fuel cell, the fins are to be glued and taped securely at three perfectly distanced locations. Be sure to cover the cardboard fins with tale to avoid water from damaging them if a situation were to occur that a spill would happen. 

The next part is the compartment that will separate if need be (and it will). Using a circular piece from yet another 2 liter bottle, tale that atop the fuel cell (facing down) and cut the soda water bottle in half. It's small size will allow it to fit comfortably in the circular rim from the bottle. It can be seen in:

Inside that top half of the soda water, enter one plushy and foam ball which will act as a cushion, then the toilet roll (with the middle brown tube taken out) on top of that. The eggonaut will go inside. Tape one more foam ball atop the open area of the toilet roll to keep the eggonaut in place. Cut holes in the lower part of the soda water bottle evenly spaced out and attach a parachute with strings tied to both the parachute and the bottle. The shoot should be as seen:

 

Do make sure to leave a hole in the middle to aid the air flow. After a bit more decoration, the USS Yav is ready to go! Ready for launch! And ready for Jupiter! 

III. LAUNCH DAY

The test run was successful with a perfect deployment that stunned all those in the audience, and it also seemed to go the highest. Flawless. Yet, to much dismay I must admit defeat in a crucial error overlooked by our team. The additional weight of the eggonaut did not allow for separation. Nor did it go the highest. Still, we must note that the eggonaut did indeed survive its journey. Our passenger system had worked for saftey. The unsuccessful deployment of the eggonaut was a shame that rocked my crew as we scrambled to figure out what had been done wrong. Many of the other rockets also failed to separate and have ten shoot burst out. Very few achieve the feat, yet it must be noted that those whom it did work for had a loosely held on capsule. So loose that it was slipping even as it was ready to launch, not yet in the air. If one dismisses the fact that our rocket did not separate, it may seems that our group has down its job. Woe, for this is not true. Though the eggonaut survived, the reputation of our rockets had gone under.

        Above: the rocket at its final launch 

IV.  Conclusion 

The factors that needed improvement were separation of the capsule and fuel cell. This perhaps would have been better accomplished had the top been much more loosely placed. The shape was good, as was the measurement for water and air which propelled the rocket upwards. What needed improvement, if anything, was design. Especially when it came to capsule separation. That is our conclusions. 

The Calculations: 

1) Using the time given by the teacher (3.38 seconds), I calculated that the highest point that the USS Yav reached was 89.10356 feet, unlike the petty 85 feet written down by the teacher. I have come to believe that mine is more accurate due to the calculations I carefully worked out. The teacher, unlike me, quickly estimated a number that seemed close enough. Human error in the timing may even be off in said case. 

2) Uising my estimated height, I can calculate that the initial velocity when the rocket left the launchpad was .628252 meters per second. 

3) 

     A. When lifting off. Notice the force applied is greater than force of gravity.

      B. Notice how both the forces are equal